Risk is fundamental to modern finance theory and much of the intellectual resources of the field have been devoted to risk analysis. Large-scale implementation of Markowitz’s ideas on portfolio management was held up for almost twenty years. Despite the overwhelming need from a conceptual viewpoint, daily marking to market of investment portfolios has only become a feature of professional funds management in the past decade or so, following advances in computer hardware and software. One of the most exciting of these in terms of the potential for analyzing risk is Artificial Intelligence (AI).
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